Environmental persistence of Equid Herpesvirus Type-1.

Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is ubiquitous in equine populations causing respiratory disease, and complications including late term abortion and neurologic disease. Eradication of EHV-1 from housing environments that typically contain unsealed wood and porous bedding materials can be challenging. However, consideration should be given to take advantage of the viral envelope's susceptibility to environmental conditions.To determine environmental persistence of EHV-1 on materials and in environmental conditions commonly found in equine facilities. We hypothesised that environmental conditions and materials would limit environmental persistence of EHV-1 in horse housing environments.Experimental study.Standard inoculum of EHV-1 strain OH03 was applied to leather, polyester-cotton fabric, 2 bedding materials (pinewood shavings, wheat straw), and polystyrene (plastic), and placed under 3 different environmental conditions (4°C, indoors, outdoors). Virus titration and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed at 6 time points between 0 and 48 hours and the number of plaque forming units (PFUs) was determined.Viable EHV-1 was recovered up to 48-hours from all material-environmental condition combinations, with persistence decreasing over time. In general, outdoor environment had the greatest impact, irrespective of material tested, followed by indoor environment and 4°C. On average, wood shavings had the greatest impact on persistence, followed by leather, straw, fabric, and polystyrene.The inoculum used in this study was not in a milieu consistent with nasal secretions. As such, virus particles may have been more sensitive to the materials and/or environmental conditions evaluated.Environmental factors had variable effects on environmental persistence. Although there were significant reductions in PFUs within the first three hours, irrespective of environment-material evaluated, viable virus was still recovered at 48-hours likely representing a transmission risk. Barrier precautions should be used to prevent spread of EHV-1 from unrecognised environmental reservoirs.