MR imaging for the quantitative assessment of brain iron in aceruloplasminemia: a post-mortem validation study.

Non-invasive measures of brain iron content would be of great benefit in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) to serve as a biomarker for disease progression and evaluation of iron chelation therapy. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides several quantitative measures of brain iron content, none of these have been validated for patients with a severely increased cerebral iron burden. We aimed to validate R* as a quantitative measure of brain iron content in aceruloplasminemia, the most severely iron-loaded NBIA phenotype.Tissue samples from 50 gray- and white matter regions of a post-mortem aceruloplasminemia brain and control subject were scanned at 1.5 T to obtain R and biochemically analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For gray matter samples of the aceruloplasminemia brain, sample R* values were compared with post-mortem in situ MRI data that had been obtained from the same subject at 3 T - in situ R*. Relationships between R* and tissue iron concentration were determined by linear regression analyses.Median iron concentrations throughout the whole aceruloplasminemia brain were 10 to 15 times higher than in the control subject, and R* was linearly associated with iron concentration. For gray matter samples of the aceruloplasminemia subject with an iron concentration up to 1000 mg/kg, 91% of variation in R* could be explained by iron, and in situ R* at 3 T and sample R* at 1.5 T were highly correlated. For white matter regions of the aceruloplasminemia brain, 85% of variation in R* could be explained by iron.R* is highly sensitive to variations in iron concentration in the severely iron-loaded brain, and might be used as a non-invasive measure of brain iron content in aceruloplasminemia and potentially other NBIA disorders.