Efficient particle and droplet manipulation utilizing the combined thermal buoyancy convection and temperature-enhanced rotating induced-charge electroosmotic flow.

Efficient granular sample manipulation is crucial for various microfluidic-based applications such as material synthesis and drug delivery. Herein we present a novel method to efficiently manipulate microbeads and droplets using the combined thermal buoyancy convection and temperature-enhanced rotating induced-charge electroosmotic flow. Within the granular fluid, a pair of counter-rotating microvortices is formed above the floating electrode, leading to the formation of a flow stagnation region at the bottom center. Granular samples then can be effectively transported to this region by the Stokes drag, and the concentration performance can be flexibly manipulated by adjusting the energization strategies of the chip. The contributions of fluid convection, dielectrophoresis, thermophoresis, and gravity force to particle migration are first studied and compared, proving that the convection flow and gravity force are mainly responsible for particle migration and deposition respectively. Then the systematic enriching experiments of 4-μm silica particles demonstrate that the particle migration velocity can be highly improved by the combined thermal-electrical field. Finally, the effective concentration of nanocopper particles and the assembly of oil-in-water/water-in-oil-in-water droplets indicate that this approach is capable of manipulating diverse granular samples. Therefore, this strategy can be attractive for lots of microfluidic-based applications because of its high efficiency and simplicity.